North Indian states consists of Jammu and Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab & Uttar Pradesh. The dominant geographic features of northern India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas.The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India.
North India is culturally rich and diverse and is supported by very large cities: apart from the great metropolis of Delhi, the cities of Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Patiala, Srinagar & Jammu would rank with the most populous cities of Europe. The languages spoken in northern India, namely, Hindi (around 300 million), Punjabi (37 million), Bhojpuri (23 million) and others are classified by linguists as being Indo-Aryan languages. They differ from southern Indian languages which are classified Dravidian languages but share great similarities with western and eastern Indian languages.
The Indian subcontinent and especially North India has underwent a significant influence of Islam and the interaction with Middle Eastern civilization through the ages . These influences can be Indian History of the Mughal Empire.
History & Culture
North India was a major centre for learning both in ancient and modern India in the field of medicine, surgery, mathematics, science and technology since times immemorial. Charaka was an authority on Ayurveda, the Veda for (lengthening of) the span of life. He was a Muni and a physician. Charaka was the court poet of Kanishka (Ist century A.D.) and his birth place was Kashmir. In fact, history of the development of Indian medicine begins from this physician. With him, begins the dawn of Indian medicine and surgery, as all the later works are based on his work. Sushruta (also spelt Susruta or Sushrutha) (c. 6th century BC) was the first surgeon in the world who lived in ancient India and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 120 surgical instruments, 300 surgical procedures and classifies human surgery in 8 categories. He lived and taught and practiced his art on the banks of the Ganga in the area that corresponds to the present day city of Varanasi in North India. Aryabhatta, born in 476 AD at Kusumapura, modern day Patna, was an astronomer and a mathematician. He wrote a two part text called Aryabhatiyam in 499 AD at the age of twenty three. The text covers: arithematic, algebra, trigonometry and astronomy. He was the first to give the idea of pi as the ratio of circumference to diameter of a circle and arrived at the value of pi as 3.1416. He also calculated eclipses and postulated on heliocentricity.
Flora & Fauna
North Indian original vegetation is predominantly deciduous forest because of its tropical location, of the deciduous trees Sal and Teak are the most important. The Western Himalayan region is abound in Chirpine and other conifers deodar, blue pine, spruce, silver fir, and junipers. The Eastern Himalayan region consists of oaks, laurels, maples, rhododendrons, alder, and birch and dwarf willows.The floral wealth ranges from the Alpine to the temperate thorn, from the coniferous to the evergreen, from scrubs to deciduous forests, from thick tropical jungles to cool temperate woods.
There are around 500 varieties of mammals, 2000 species of birds and 30,000 types of insects and a wide variety of fish, amphibians and reptiles are found in the country. The animal species in North India includes Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, Sambar, Chital, Hog Deer, Porcupine, Wild Pig, Fox and Rhesus Monkeys, highly endangered Caracal, Jungle Cat, Hyena, Jackal, Sloth Bear, Wild Boar, Langur, Spotted Deer, Indian Gazelle, Sambar(Asiatic stag) and Nilgai(blue bull).
Birds
The birds of North India includes the beautiful Peacock to the Parrots, and thousands of immigrant birds. Common Indian birds are Pheasants, Geese Ducks, Mynahs, Parakeets, Pigeons, Cranes, and Hornbills. Great pied hornbill, Pallas's fishing eagle, Grey-headed fishing eagle, Red-thighed Falconet are some of the endangered birds found in Himalyan region. Other birds found in this region are Tawny Fish Owl, Great Hornbill, Scaly-bellied Woodpecker, Red-breasted Parakeet, Himalayan Swiftlet, Stork-billed Kingfisher and Himalayan Rubythroat.
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